德·托纳克《别想摆脱书》(一)

也许是当代最博学的读书人翁贝托·艾柯和法国剧作家卡里埃尔之间关于书的谈话,构成这本书的全部内容,看似漫不经心,实则平和而严肃,道出了许多我们平时难以察觉的问题和角度,同时,也是对我们已然形成的思维体系的一次重新洗牌。

1. 书永远不死

从媒介的角度去思考书究竟是什么,我想艾柯在这里给了我们迄今为止最确切的答案:

在某个特定时刻,人类发明了书写。我们可以把书写视为手的延伸,这样一来,书写就是近乎天然的。它是直接与身体相连的交流技术。你一旦发明了它,就不可能再放弃它。刚才说过,这就好比发明轮子一般。今天的轮子与史前的轮子一模一样。相比之下,我们的现代发明,电影、收音机、网络,都不是天然的。

说得精彩至极。而赫尔曼·黑塞在五十年代的一段话也为上述“非天然的发明”下了一道注解:

新的发明越是满足人们对娱乐和教育的需求,书也越将重获尊严与权威。我们尚未完全到达那一步——收音机、电影等具有竞争力的新发明,取代了印刷书籍的额某些用途,而书恰恰可以毫无损失地舍弃这一部分用途。

同样的思路可以应用到很多地方,尤其在现在这样一个信息爆炸的网络时代,我们对高质量信息的渴望也前所未有得强烈。

(艾柯)书多方证明了自身,我们看不出还有什么比书更适合于实现书的用途。也许书的组成部分将有所演变,也许书不再是纸质的书。但书终将是书。

2. 永久载体最暂时

很多新技术的发明创造,到头来,也只是取代了先前发明了的另一项新技术而已,并未彻头彻尾地改变人类最原始的需求。我们对于阅读的需求,对于真正的书的需求,自古至今也许从未衰减过。卡里埃尔提到,曾经电影作为一种新技术,尝试去代替书和阅读赋予我们的感官和思维冲击。事实证明了是徒劳,而且,把小说创作直接转入电影编剧,反倒是更困难的一件事情。阿伦·雷奈在诸如《广岛之恋》的作品里对电影文学化做出了最诚恳的努力,但还是距离真正的阅读差了许多。也许自那以后,泄了气的电影人们就多多少少放弃了“与书籍试比高”的野心,我们观众也因而少了对这门技术的更高要求。作为欧洲电影人的卡里埃尔,话语间仍不忘对美国好莱坞式的电影制造进行一番评点:

在美国,电影不是艺术,至今仍然是一种可以循环使用的产品。必须不断重拍《佐罗》、《诺斯费拉图》、《人猿泰山》,不断处理老套路、老库存。

现代技术催生了我们对片段式的信息、图像化的信息的需求,而这也反过来进一步加快了我们如此忙碌生活的节奏。与之相比,书籍的创造与传播模式或许已经跟不上我们自己行走的步伐了。卡里埃尔指出这其实并不一定,他举出雷斯蒂夫·德·拉·布雷东的例子,这位狂想者在大革命时期写出的《巴黎的夜》,就是一部极其贴近历史运动的作品,白天到街上观察人群,夜里写下故事,清晨排版印刷,保持和历史平行的速度,实在令人惊奇。

书终究还是没有成为如此粗草之物。书这一形式本身受到了人们对于实时信息需求的扰动,也许这也是历史上为数不多的一次吧。

3. 母鸡用一世纪学会不过街

我们过得越来越快,而且也绝无可能回到过去。就像电脑软件需要时不时更新一样,我们也被迫陷入了无休止的学习和进步之中。这里两位书籍爱好者对现代技术挟持人们平和静美的生活感叹不已。而尤其吊诡的是,我们在加快更新自己的同时,却也越来越追求长寿。

(卡里埃尔)我们处于运动、变化、更新和转瞬即逝之中,矛盾的是,正如刚才所说的,我们的时代却是一个越来越长寿的时代。我们的祖父母一生显然要比我们的短暂,但他们始终处于恒久的现在之中。我叔叔的祖父从前是个乡下业主,他在每年的1月1日为来年理账。前一年的账目基本预示了下一年的状况。什么也没有改变。

人们追求快节奏生活的脚步,与电影里剪辑技术的发展不无二致。最早的时候,电影仍旧是搬进摄像机镜头里的舞台,叙事尽可能地与时间平行同步;后来,摄像机的移动开始支配移动的图像,久而久之形成了独有的镜头语言;再后来就有了剪辑,用多个角度去拍摄同一个角色并将其剪在一起;发展到现在,好莱坞大片里几乎就没有超过三秒钟的镜头,“仿佛技术本身带上了动作,仿佛动作就在摄影机里,而不是摄影机所展现的内容里”。这样的说法,与前段时间关于芮成钢的一篇文章里提到的“媒介即内容,姿态即内容”有着异曲同工之妙。

4. 说出滑铁卢所有参战者的姓名

这一篇幅里主要围绕一个颇富哲理的小问题展开,新技术帮助我们更可靠地保存下来许多资料和数据,那么人们要记忆还有什么用?说的是啊,如果任何过去的人事都能安全地搁放在某个角落,随手可及,那我们还用不用费心思地去额外记一些东西呢?艾柯给我们拓展了思考这个小问题的角度:

记忆具有双重用途——无论个人记忆,还是集体记忆(即文化)——一是保存某些数据,二是让那些没用并有可能充塞我们脑袋的信息沉于遗忘。……文化是所有从此消失的书和其他物件的墓园。心照不宣地放弃(也就是过滤)某些历史遗迹,同时把另一些文化元素保留在未来的冰柜里,有关这种现象的研究如今已经展开。档案馆和图书馆就如一些冰冷的屋子,我们把记忆储存在里面,以免文化空间充斥着所有这些杂物,同时又不至于彻底放弃这些记忆。在未来,只要愿意,我们总是可以再把它们找回来。

这种“将记忆暂时冷藏”的说法,其实细想来异常准确,因为不管是古时候人誊写纪要,著书立史,还是现代人应用新的媒介大量快速的存储信息备忘,都与人们把吃剩的食物放进冰箱冷藏以备后用没什么两样。只是,如今的这只“冰箱“太强大,我们怕是把很多还来不及咀嚼的食物也一并往里塞了吧。

两个人闲扯的过程中很容易就跑题。卡里埃尔不知怎的就提到了自己在保加利亚索非亚发现罗马圆形剧场遗址的事情,感叹道历史不停地让我们吃惊。他还援引了巴伐利亚戏剧家卡尔·华伦廷的一句话,“在从前,未来也更加美好”,很美,意境上很像木心的《从前慢》。

5. 被过滤者的报复

网络也作为一种记忆工具,它的出现把我们带入了一个不再迷信权威的年代,由它过滤来的信息,不再通过人与人之间共同的文化基础(不再是一部百科全书),而是通过我们自己的头脑和判断本身。艾柯认为,全球化带来的反倒不是共识的形成,而是愈发增加了经验破裂的风险。

两位因此谈到了古往今来被过滤掉的艺术家和诗人。在卡里埃尔看来,“除了兰波和波德莱尔以外,最伟大的法兰西诗人均默默无闻”,艾柯则点出了科学与人文对待历史的不同态度:“在新的发现宣告前一种理论无效时,科学就加以扼杀……相比之下,人文科学不可能忘却历史”。两位絮絮叨叨地又数了一番被遗忘的意大利作家们,感叹了一下不同时期的不同艺术语言,诸如此类。人文学者在抚今追昔的时候,天马行空,“假若电影不存在,布努埃尔会做些什么”?卡里埃尔如是问道。这些谜一般的问题根本就无法解答,也许比起非是即非的科学领域来,确实要有趣那么一些。

历史上这些解不开的事情还有很多:

(卡里埃尔)在拿破仑处于权力顶峰的1800–1814年间,没有一本在法国出版的书还流传至今。当时的绘画非常壮丽,却也极其矫饰,雅克-路易·大卫在《加冕仪式》以前还是伟大的画家,后来却变得平淡无味。他在比利时度过可悲的晚年,专画一些矫揉造作的古典题材。

没有音乐,没有戏剧。当时只重演高乃依的作品,拿破仑去剧院只能看《西拿》。斯塔尔夫人被迫流亡。夏布多里昂遭到当局敌视,他的代表作《墓中回忆录》一开始是秘密写的,在他生前只发表一小部分,而且是很久以后。当时给他带来荣誉的小说如今都不堪卒读。这是一个过滤的奇特例子:他为众多读者写的东西被我们丢开,他单独为自己写下的作品,却让我们心醉神迷。

枕边唐诺笔记(第三周)

Day 5

第二周的阅读经历比较失败,屡次翻开书篇却终不成行,索性直接跳至第三周。

第三章   特洛伊十年后的海伦

如题所是,本章以这样一个问题引出——海伦后来怎么样了。作者赞叹于博尔赫斯体探事物的独特视角,也确实,这样简单的问题,并不是每个人都会自然而然想到。年少时,总被自己前进的方向所局限,被作者带出的路所牵引,那帘幕后面是什么,已经下场的角色又在做什么,我们真的没有那么关心。等到我们真能问出这些问题的时候,不管年岁是多少,想必心境和底气上也都与作者本人平起平坐了吧。每当读一本书,看一部电影,甚至在博物馆游览一组名画,我们的姿态总是无限谦卑,展现在我们眼前的“大独裁者”,说一不二,我们对其也俯首是佔。有些时候,这自然是景仰大师所应有的姿态,但也有些时候,我也羡慕那些这个领域内的专业工作者(书目编辑,制片人,策展人等),能够把作品作为纯粹的 object 来看待,像数落自家窝里的孩子那样评评点点。知识的分化,行业的专攻,使我们在精神领域能以傲然众人夸夸其谈的时候越来越少了,很难想象如今还能出现类似兰亭下那群欢畅饮的场景——曲水流觞,酌酒成诗,共享生活之雅致。在这个分化的年代,娱乐成为了我们为数不多的能够夸夸其谈的东西。

(奥拉夫·斯塔普雷顿)当我一脚踏在思想成熟的门槛上时,我发现我另一脚已踩进坟墓了。

谈及海伦的时候还提到杨贵妃,白居易《长恨歌》里的那句也很美。

忽闻海上有仙山,山在虚无缥缈间。

Day 6

很叹服唐诺笔下生花的能力。每次合上书卷乍一回想,总是无法准确说出刚翻过去的那几篇到底讲述了什么。读到这里,印象中只模糊地记得海伦,及其衍伸开来的关于极美女子的联翩浮想。说到这里不得不牵出川端康成笔下的伊豆舞女——我所能想到的关于美女子最精准的描述(尽管小说中并不着重写一个女子)。许是东方人感官的缘故,我们在 “评头论美” 的时候,总会不自觉地将她与周围的环境、时代结合在一起,看待人是这样,看待一段感情,一段纷争更是如此。这就好比张爱玲在《倾城之恋》里所述的爱情的极致,或者反过来说,从什么时候起爱情才绽放和开始(从它不只仅是爱情的时候)。

作者也有类似所述:

……打动我们的也不是视觉印象,甚至不是一般感官也不包含情欲(因为不再只是一个美人,还加上一个世界一个时代),而是我们无可遏止的深深不安以及面对毁坏的可靠预感,你已把美推高到最顶点了,它再无处可去,它再来的每次变化、每一行动都只剩下降、请退、瓦解并朝着死亡。

如果读到这里还不能味其一二,唐诺接着用一整大段勾勒出了这种思绪的细节:

格林说我们很难爱某一个真理、某一个“无”,所以人们总是需要一个上帝作为可感可针对的对象好实实在在地爱它;也许,我们对某个王朝、某个杳逝时代的全部怀念,同样也需要这样创造出一名遗世独立的美人来,其实不想归罪,而是某种难舍难言的情感,白居易的《长恨歌》,他和我们有真的恨过杨贵妃吗?无论如何,当一座城、一个国、一个时代如此和一个美人合在一起,就不再是个用木头石块、用铜铁金银、用各种沉重坚韧材料堆叠出来的世界了,它失去了所有的重量和坚实感,成为极纤细易碎的东西,成为有时间性的东西,其实用不着谁鲁莽地、愚昧地或坏心地摧毁它推倒它,它本来就稍纵即逝,如同那个不世的美人,如同我们自己。

如此看来,归根结底,我们对美的追寻,无外乎是对回忆的迷恋,和源自对死亡的深深敬畏和恐惧。

本章节中,作者还很无厘头地探讨了堂吉诃德路上一直没下雨,伟大的主人公皆没有子嗣,和柏拉图的那句 “我相信,柏拉图病了” 等有趣的问题,在此就不一一展开了。

Economist Jul 19th 2014

America’s lost oomph

Falling working force

  • recession: only partly to blame, after some years of joblessness some people have given up looking for work;
  • ageing of baby-boomers:  they are now in their late 50s;
  • policies: immigration system (getting into country has become much more difficult); Obamacare (helps people get health care without working); outdated social safety net (spent less on retraining jobless and helping them to find work);

Politicians have made matters worse

  • reduce sky-high tax rate?
  • start cutting the endless sprawl of job-destroying regulations?
  • deterring Fed from raising interest rates too soon?

Thoughtful politicians have produce schemes for radical change in almost all of these areas, but their plans — like much else — have fallen victim to America’s polarised politics. The Republicans stand in the way of loosening immigration rules, while Democrats fear that supply-side reforms are a plot to hurt the average Joe. Both sides hoover up cash from special interests keen to anticompetitive regulations in place. Barack Obama, the least business-friendly president for decades, has devoted far too little attention to the problem.

The case for defense

Arm-makers are going through a lean period

  • the Pentagon moved away from “cost-plus” contracts; squeezed in military spending;
  • will not accept further consolidation (the same in Europe); big military contractors have to prepare and look at what else they can do to slash costs;

Any answers?

  • find new, civilian markets – though only a small part of most arms companies’ business; also, may struggle to compete with nimbler Silicon Valley outfits;
  • find customers abroad? but the market is highly fragmented, e.g. Brazil defense budget only 4% of the size of America’s; also the local manufacturing creates issues; some of them also prefer cheaper Russian and Chinese ones;

… the evidence is that an often unreliable, inefficient and over-rewarded industry is at last being forced to change its ways to survive.

________________________________

nimble: 灵活

An irresistible urge to merge

America’s 2nd and 3rd tobacco makers to merge

  • the combined company also sells part of it to Imperial, bringing it back to U.S. market (but acquiring only brands, not liability-bearing legal entities);
  • usually foreign companies kept their distance to America’s market partly due to the unpredictable payments to courts for sick patients;
  • main holdout against tobacco globalisation is now China (40% of the cigarettes smoked): most of them sold by state-owned China Tobacco; they may someday acquire a big international firm – the last gasp in the round of tobacco globalisation

________________________________

feisty: 易怒的
holdout: 抵抗
gasp: 喘气

A new home for orphans

Abbvie buys Shire, not only for tax inversion

  • “patent cliff”, too few new blockbusters and health insurers and governments become reluctant to pay a premium; M&A then becomes a solution to cutting costs;
  • many firms redirect their attention to orphan drugs (for rare, severe conditions) since it is cheaper to bring to market (smaller clinical trials), and faster approval; Insurers tend to be more willing to pay more as well;
  • Shire’s R&D drops 13% in 1Q14 compared to last year, and all its remaining is now concentrated on orphan diseases;
  • might be good for long-term as well: thanks to genome sequencing, now “all diseases are turning into rare diseases
  • however, it is unclear how willing health insurer and governments will be to keep paying high prices for such drugs

日光之下,并无新事

关于修女“还俗”的电影,其实到现在都还有很多人在拍。然而到头来,不论是蒙吉的《Beyond the hills》,还是最近崭露头角的《Ida》,终还是敌不过布大师半个多世纪前的这部《Viridiana》。不是头一回看布努埃尔的电影了——好歹也生生熬过了艰深莫名的《安达鲁犬》和《黄金时代》——也许正是有了这两部的铺垫,此次看罢终于可以“在不借助外力的情况下”欣赏起老布的电影美学。

《Viridiana》通片运镜极其流畅,与早期时同样聚焦底层的《被遗忘的人》相比——感觉荧幕周围都带着粗糙的毛边——简直就是丝绸是璧玉。上述另外两部近期讲修女的电影里,怕是长镜头滥用得太多,让我总(误)以为她们应是在安哲灰蒙蒙的画面里做着塔可夫斯基般的徘徊与思考。现在看来可能事实恰恰相反,修女指代的这个群体,缺乏的恰恰正是这种必要的踟蹰与思考。先说前者,我们在《山之外》里看见的,Voichita 月光下的背影,安静得只能听见自己的呼吸;《艾达》里,一幅又一幅静态的定格,少女空洞的眼神……但这些空镜头充其量只是我们漫边思绪的容器,装载着观众代入的种种情绪,而角色本身,并未以一个独立个体的姿态激发起怎样的行动和思考。换句话说,我们用自己身体里流淌着的感性血液,浇灌和滋润着荧幕上迷茫的 Voichita 和 Ida。

布努埃尔片中的 Viridiana 完全就是另一副存在。首先,我们看不到一个站在她对立面,象征着世俗生活的女配角,作为我们大众的化身,来“告诉”和“教授”主角应该和不应该去做什么。也许正是从这个设置开始,《Viridiana》就脱离了“双人公路电影”的惯常套路,故事的延伸和发展,大多都在 Viridiana 自己的掌控之中。尤其让人惊异的是在她叔叔自杀之后的救赎,我们看到的是一个自信,笃定,井井有条的 Viridiana,与我先前对修女角色羸弱,笨拙的刻板印象大相径庭。其实不该意外,早在她与叔叔相遇的第一幕里,开门见山般“我知道您一直在接济我,但我并不喜欢你”,就该看出些端倪了。

其次,从导演掌控影片节奏的角度来看,也与 Viridiana 的角色相互吻合。前一个镜头还是在收拾行李,下一个镜头就来到了车站,毫无过渡,哪怕是留一丁点时间去关注人物的眼神呢。布导似乎根本就不屑于去描摹和探讨人物的心理历程和感情冲突——没有前文所述的那种“容器”,去安放和消化观众的想法。一方面,这种冷峻而富含距离感的叙事态度,揭示着某种“日光之下,并无新事”的看破意味,是一种更直接的讽刺,不留情,也更深刻;另一方面,导演在如同支配木偶人一样指挥角色做这做那的过程中,也许想要真正表达的,正是这种被掏空了感情,停顿,和思考的木偶人状态。 Viridiana 有自己坚持的价值观和信仰,深信不疑,但导演并不通过角色本身的犹疑去表达他对宗教的姿态,而是直接通过某种必然的事态发展来告诉你,这种乌托邦式的救赎根本就行不通。

影片的高潮无疑是在“最后的晚餐”定格的那一刻,引狼入室,事情的发展终究到不可收拾的地步,导演刻意用拍照的方式给了我们一次停下来的机会——也许也是给他自己一次在镜头背后暗暗偷笑几声的机会吧。到头来,Viridiana 的这次出走和救赎之路,因她叔叔的欲望和歹念开启,却在一种更强大更黑暗的力量下终结。叔叔在剥开侄女上衣胸前的那一刹收住了手,但这却阻止不了同样的事情再次发生,而且就在同一张床上。影片末尾,仆人的小女孩在宅院外焚烧月桂花冠,“少庄主”握着 Viridiana 的纤手开启游戏牌局,我们也隐隐看到布大爷高居庙堂之上对宗教和中产生活一并指指点点。这种极富戏谑的挑逗,像极了约瑟夫·罗西《Servant》里最后的反客为主,是否大呼过瘾倒是其次,重要的是,你说不清楚是正义赢了还是还是邪恶赢了,可能只是一种邪恶战胜了另一种邪恶罢。

从这一点上看《Viridiana》无疑是激进的,与《黄金时代》里对耶稣基督的直接挑衅略有不同,这里布努埃尔很耐心地绕了一个小圈子,还亲手搭建起了一个如梦似幻的花园,最后再亲手将之毁灭,一气呵成。结尾处,摄像机从牌桌的房间里缓缓退出,延伸至屋顶至走廊(也许这是影片里最长的一个镜头?冷眼过后的温情一瞥吧),现实的画布下,发生的这一切我们真的难以去辩解什么。导演扔给我们一个大大的问号,自己则袖手一挥,扬长而去了。

我们真的看到时间了么?

和室友观《Boyhood》回来,对影片的价值起了一番讨论。他觉得这部影片就是(他所不喜欢的)现代艺术的一个缩影,作者(导演)所呈现的,我们所看到的,不外乎是一个 idea 的外化,其本身并没什么实质内容,就像影片里 Mason 里自己说的,it’s kind of in between。仔细想想确实是,我们看到了什么,导演真正又想讲什么,似乎不那么明确。到头来,这个 idea 本身,和具体操作这个 idea 的过程,反倒比这部电影来得更有意思。

有趣的观点(虽不全苟同)。说罢,他还引出了东方与现代西方艺术的差异来结论:东方的 material-based 作品与该种 idea-based 的西方作品存在着天然的冲突和断层,也就造成了理解上的差异。

我们俩对这部电影的其他观察,倒是偏差不大。说到头来,《Boyhood》正是这样一部淡化情节冲突,弱化人物角色和发展历程,刻意拉抻时间轴,并时不时通过背景音乐来“勾芡提香”的一部实验性作品。确实,我们不能通过电影是否独一无二来评判它的好坏,但有时,将这种独一无二做到了极致(就像阿伦·雷奈在《去年在马里昂巴》做到的那样),很难不说它是一部(至少)值得一看的电影。

我倒很喜欢林克莱特一贯的这种“无所事事”的执导风格,化无为有,却也若有若无,至少从电影的角度来说它很纯粹。说到这里可能砖又要拍过来了,什么是纯粹?是接近生活本身?还是接近电影的终极形式本身(即默片——仅通过光影,表演和镜头语言来叙事)?想必还是前者吧。但正如室友所鄙夷的,这种“生活本身”恰恰是通过完完全全虚构的方式捏造出来的——若要真的挖掘现实,为什么不退一步去拍纪录片呢。我倒不这么消极地看,在我看来,导演在《Boyhood》里所竭力营造的,恰恰挑战了电影作为 fiction-based / performance-based 艺术的无限可能性。如果上述阿伦·雷奈挑战的是电影描述抽象意识的可能性,那么在这里,林克莱特所做的就是另一个极端——即仍旧在表演和剧本的框架下尽可能地逼近现实生活。若非要找一个 counterargument ,那我会同样质疑纪录片里的对现实的“真诚”程度,因为在一个完全真实的 wild west 里,导演需要投入更多的精力去编织和寻找(说白了就是寻找爆点),去有意无意地试图与观众进行交流(或者说成是,也很在意出片的效果和观众的感受),这样下来,弄巧成拙和过度戏剧化的危险也许反而更大。

不管怎样,我想我们应该清楚意识到的一点是,电影本来就是现实外面的那一层糖纸,她有着吸引眼球的外衣,但永远复制不了现实本身的味道和质感。也许纪录片的导演们和林克莱特都不如卡萨维茨那样绝顶高明——他在《opening night》中,把即兴表演生生地套嵌在电影文本当中,最大限度地模糊了虚构和现实间的界限,实在让人大呼过瘾。或者,我们也不要忘了赫尔佐格的《陆上行舟》,那正是一部记录实验过程而非呈现实验本身的作品。

至于,谁比谁更真诚,谁又比谁更忠于艺术,反倒是值得想一想,却又没那么必要得到确切答案的一个问题罢了。

Economist Jul 5th 2014

Red Tape Blues: the best and worst states for small business

  • Data source: Thumbtack;
  • local tax rates actually matter little vs. the difficulty of complying with complex regulations was a strong predictor;
  • problematic licensing rules, now 35% of workers required state licenses, vs. 5% in the 1950s;
  • changes to regulation makes a difference in the long run: a stronger job growth;
  • difficulty: no politician wants to be accused of compromising public safety.

Not Floating, but Flailing: the global monetary system

  • gold standard: lubrication of global trade, “though the free flow of capital left currencies vulnerable, the system survived for decades thanks to governments’ iron commitment to gold.”
  • first world war changed all this: gold reserves grew increasingly unbalanced; America could have expanded its money supply allowing prices to rise while refused to do so (due to domestic worries of Wall Street boom);
  • then depression, by 1936 the gold standard was dead;
  • another crack at a universal system, Bretton Woods – fixed values to the dollar, which was in turn pegged to gold;
  • repeated collapse of fixed exchange-rate system, because of the tension between currency pegs and 1) capital controls and 2) lifted trade; big countries started to drop out;
  • Euro’s recent crisis is a variation on an old theme;
  • for developing countries, pegs hard to resist – encourage discipline, tame inflation, reduce borrowing costs; but too often pegs ended painfully – overindebted (debt binge), and forced devaluation in crises;
  • aversion to floating is a puzzle: (Joseph Gagnon) economies with floating currencies did better in the global financial crisis and its aftermath;
  • faced the rise of the emerging world, the prevailing currency alignment can survive?

China claims to be gradually freeing its capital account and encouraging trade denominated in yuan. That may finally bring down the curtain on the dollar era initiated by Bretton Woods. Yet in practice China is reluctant to give up the perceived safety of a managed exchange rate. Gold habits are hard to break.

______________________________

flailing: 挥舞
tame: 驯服
binge: 狂欢

If They Build It: corporate spending

  • (S&P) capex in real terms fell 1% in 2013, and is expected to decline again this year;
  • the emerging market shares of capex fell from 34% in 2011 to 27% last year;
  • mining and energy firms, capex has slowed sharply;
  • R&D seems more robust, but grew only 2.6% last year;
  • reason: corporate revenue has not been growing very fast, for global non-financial companies, ratio of capex to revenues is close to its highest level in a decade;

Life at the Top: Tibetan genetics

  • Tibetans found to carry genes from Denisovan;
  • EPAS-1: help acclimatize to high altitude; for Tibetans, they are well acclimatized without having noticeably raised red-cell counts;
  • 90% of Tibetans have this version of the gene, compared with fewer than 10% of their Han Chinese neighbors.

______________________________

homo sapiens: 智人
acclimatize: 适应新环境
thromobosis: 血栓形成

Practice May Not Make Perfect: genetics and music

  • (Miriam Mosing, Karolinska Institute, in Sweden) drew conclusion by studying twins – a time-honored way – between 1959 and1985;
  • 1) measuring the lifetime practice;
  • 2) measuring abilities to detect difference in pitch, melody, and rhythm;
  • result: no apparent relationship between practice and musical ability of the sort she was measuring;

Misery Merchants: revenge porn

  • legislators in many countries started to tackle revenge porn;
  • (Randazza) may end up producing nothing more than “chicken-soup laws – they make everyone feel a little bit better but they don’t really do anything”
  • (case in Israel, the one which has gone furthest) 37 of the 55 cases in the past four months are still being investigated – establishing beyond doubt who first disseminated an image is hard;
  • difficulty (in U.S.): crafting laws that manage to criminalize at least the most egregious case without falling foul of the protections for free speech guaranteed by the constitution;

______________________________

egregious: 过分的

The Dedicated Followers of Fast Fashion: clothes retailing

  • two Spain followers to Inditex (Zara) – Mango and Desigual;
  • but they followed industry’s conventions – outsourced production in Asia; while Zara stitched together in Spain or nearby countries so it can react fast to changing trends, albeit cost more;

Capital Punishment: BNP Paribas

  • the announcement raises a raft of questions about 1) the proportionality of penalties, 2) the responsibility of individuals in corporate crime, 3) the duties of firms dealing with objectionable regimes, and 4) the resonableness of America imposing its foreign policy via the international financial system and its dominant currency;
  • the case has left people on both sides of the Atlantic unhappy: individuals getting off lightly vs. shareholders and customers bearing the burnt of misdeeds; discontent in Europe – an example of America throwing its financial weight around, using the threat of withholding access to its market and currency to force compliance with its own priorities;

______________________________

clamoring: 吵着
scalp: 头皮
cripple: 削弱
saga: 冒险故事

Economist Jun 28th 2014

“Bridging the Gap”

  • New Jersey re-classfied Pulaski as part of Port of Authority (for funds for basic repairs)

The problem with the trust fund, is that it’s not funded and you can’t trust it.”

  • Fund shortfall everywhere and less advanced technology system

Most air-traffic control system are less advanced than the technology found in smartphones. Alaska’s Juneau airport, which is smothered by low-lying cloud, is an exception. Its airport introduced GPS navigation after there were threats to move the state capital to Anchorage because it was so hard to land.

  • (Maryland congressman John Delaney) has proposed a bill that would give firms a tax break on repatriated foreign profits if parts of the money was spent on infrastructure bonds;
  • Federal should spend less and let the states make more decisions

“The Battle for Japan”

  • fiscal stimulus 10.3 trillion a month after Abe’s return to power;
  • monetary easing, goal of 2% core inflation by the spring 2015 (now around 1.25%);
  • the third arrow, tackle farming, medical services, and the labor market, all of which have provoked a public backlash

____________________________

rickety: 摇摇晃晃
millefeuille: 千层派
hand-to-mouth: 手到口
scrimp: 节衣缩食
gracious: 亲切
prickly: 刺
swoon: 昏厥
gumption: 进取心
dragnet: 拖网

“A Golden Opportunity: Special Report on Poland”

Quick Facts

  • the only one big economy in Europe to avoid recession during the financial crisis;
  • biggest recipients of EU funds;
  • German-Polish ties, the second most important bilateral relationship in the EU;
  • “Polaska A”, Warsaw and the western Poland; “Polaska B”, the poorer, less developed eastern Poland;
  • biggest apple exporter, bypassing China last year;
  • the most Catholic country in Europe: 95% are baptised Catholics;
  • church was an island of freedom back in Communist rule, “the pope contributed at least 50% to the collapse of communism”

Challenges Ahead

  • missed the chance of using EU funds for structural reforms (i.e. Portugal)?
  • middle-income gap, low investment (in specialized industry, i.e. specialist machinery) and high savings rate;
  • productivity gap with western Europe;
  • need to be more global (only one true global company, KGHM, copper and silver miners);
  • agriculture remains highly fragmented, 3.4% of GDP yet 12.4% of employment

Business Opportunity (future after coal …)

  • outsourcing, fast-growing in the region;
  • subcontracting, thanks to the German supply chain;
  • Like “Germany used some of its Marshall plan funds to build innovative, international companies after the second world war, Poland could be doing the same with EU funds.”

Quotes

Despite the wounds of the past, Germany and Poland today are bound together by shared political and commercial interests.

Yet for most of the 20th century Poland was a playground rather than player in international politics.

With such a heroic past, the church found it hard to return to a more workaday role after communism had gone.

History has taught Poles to be pessimistic and full of self-doubt. For the half-millennium, whenever their country was enjoying a peaceful, prosperous period it soon seemed to come to a brutal end, often through foreign invasion.

____________________________

vibes: 共鸣
staunch: 坚定

“Estonia Takes the Plunge”

Some ideas never take off because too few people embrace them. And with just 1.3m residents, Estonia is a tiddler – even with the 10m satellite Estonians the government hope to add over the next decade.

The Scheme’s advantages for Estonia are multiple. It will help it shed the detested “ex-Soviet” tag and promote itself as a paragon of good government and innovation.

____________________________

hefty: 沉重
tiddler:鲰
detested: 讨厌

“Lenders of Little Resort”

Chinese unit of foreign bank:

  • profits fell by 14% last year, while Chinese banks jumped by 15%;
  • Roe was 5.6%, far behind Chinese banks’ 19.2%;
  • HSBC, has the most branches of any foreign bank in China: 160 vs. Bank of Communications, which HSBC owns 19%, has 2,690;
  • foreign investment banks, can buy only 49% of Chinese brokers;
  • reporting requirements are onerous: 6,300 different reports annually for the Chinese unit vs. just 400 reports for its parents to its home regulator